La regulación emocional como mediador en la relación entre esquemas disfuncionales tempranos y dependencia emocional en jóvenes españoles / Emotional regulation as a mediator in the relationship between early dysfunctional schemas and emotional dependence in young Spanish people

Diversos estudios demuestran que la dependencia emocional es un problema relevante por sus consecuencias en todos los ámbitos de la vida. Los esquemas cognitivos tempranos y las dificultades en la regulación emocional son unos de los factores implicados en su etiología. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la relación entre estas variables, hipotetizando que las dificultades en la regulación emocional median la relación entre los esquemas disfuncionales tempranos y la dependencia emocional. Participaron 711 españoles jóvenes, de entre 18 y 30 años, con una edad media de 21,32 años (DT= 2,94). Los resultados mostraron una correlación positiva entre las tres variables y que las dificultades en la regulación emocional mediaban la relación entre los esquemas disfuncionales tempranos y la dependencia emocional en el caso del Abandono, la Dependencia, la Subyugación, la Inhibición emocional, el Autocontrol insuficiente, la Defectuosidad y el Autosacrificio. Este estudio muestra cómo se pueden relacionar estas variables y proporciona información útil para ayudar a las personas con dependencia emocional.(AU)

Several studies show that emotional dependence is a relevant problembecause of its consequences in all areas of life. Early cognitive schemas anddifficulties in emotional regulation are some of the factors involved in itsaetiology. The aims of the present study were to analyse the relationship betweenthese variables, hypothesising that difficulties in emotional regulation mediate therelationship between early dysfunctional schemas and emotional dependence.The sample consisted of 711 young Spanish participants aged between 18-30years, with an average age of 21.32 years (SD= 2.94). The results showed apositive correlation between the three variables and that difficulties in emotionalregulation mediated the relationship between early dysfunctional schemas and emotional dependence in the case of Abandonment, Dependence, Subjugation,Emotional inhibition, Insufficient self-control, Defectiveness and Self-sacrifice. Thisstudy gives us a clearer picture of how these variables are related and providesinformation that could be of great use in assisting people with emotionaldependence.(AU)

Emotional regulation and body dissatisfaction: the mediating role of anger in young adult women.

Introduction: Emotion regulation difficulties have an important role in the presence of negative self-image. These problems in the self-regulation of emotion could lead to negative emotional processes (such as anger) that can lead to body dissatisfaction. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine emotion regulation difficulties than can negatively impact self-image and to understand if anger acts as mediator in the relationship between emotion regulation and body dissatisfaction. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out comprising 565 young adult women aged 18-30 years. The participants were administered the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2), and the Body Dissatisfaction dimension of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2). The proposed hypotheses were tested by path analysis in MPlus 8.0. Results: The results indicated that anger had a positive significant effect on body dissatisfaction as well as the non-acceptance of emotional responses, the lack of emotional awareness, and the lack of emotional clarity. Of all the dimensions of emotional regulation difficulties, impulse control difficulty was the dimension which had a positive significant indirect effect on body dissatisfaction explained by increased anger. Discussion: The present study suggests the importance of emotion regulation in the prevention of body dissatisfaction. Impulse control difficulty may be the key emotion regulation emotion in explaining the increments of anger that lead to body dissatisfaction. Among young adults, the promotion of positive body image can be promoted by helping this population to self-regulate their anger impulses.

Relationship of gambling disorder with traumatic life events and emotion regulation in adolescents and young adults.

Introduction: Traumatic life events (TLE) and difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) can be considered risk factors for the development of gambling disorder in adolescents and young adults. Methods: The aim of the present study was to examine the differences in TLE, ER strategies, positive and negative affect, and gambling severity in a clinical sample of individuals undergoing treatment for gambling disorder (92.8% males; Mage = 24.83, SD = 3.80) and a healthy control group (52.4% males; Mage = 15.65, SD = 2.22). The relationship between the variables was assessed and the mediating role of ER in the relationship between TLE and gambling in the clinical sample was analysed. Results: The results showed higher scores in gambling severity, positive and negative affect, ER strategies and TLE in the clinical sample. In addition, the severity of gambling was positively correlated with TLE, negative affect and with rumination. TLE were also correlated positively with negative and positive affect, rumination ER strategies, plan focus, positive reinterpretation, and catastrophizing. Finally, rumination mediated the relationship between TLE and gambling severity. Conclusions: These findings may have relevant implications for the prevention, understanding and treatment of gambling disorder.

Buying-shopping disorder, impulsivity, emotional dependence and attachment in adolescents.

In recent years, several studies have shown that the incidence of buying-shopping disorder (BSD) is increasing. Impulsivity is one of the factors involved in its aetiology and is related to emotional dependence. In addition, early affective deprivation may trigger emotional dependence. The aims of the present study weresal: to compare the types of attachment, levels of emotional dependence, impulsivity and BSD according to sex; to determine whether the proposed relational model is fulfilled; and analyse possible differences in this model in terms of the sample's sex. The sample consisted of 1498 adolescents (53.8% men and 46.2% women) from Ecuador whose age ranged from 14 to 18 years (M = 15.77, SD = 1.21). The results showed that a preoccupied attachment style is indirectly related to a higher risk of BSD due to emotional dependence when impulsivity levels are medium or high because emotional dependence is moderated by impulsivity. The study variables are related in the same way in men and women but boys show higher levels of preoccupied attachment, impulsivity, emotional dependence and BSD. This study gives us a clearer picture of how these variables are related and provides information that could be of great use in assisting people with BSD. This knowledge could be applied to improve both the treatment and prevention of this problem.

Cyberbullying and Gambling Disorder: Associations with Emotion Regulation and Coping Strategies.

The presence of unsuitable coping and emotion regulation strategies in young populations with gambling disorder (GD) and in those who have experienced cyberbullying victimization has been suggested. However, this association has not been explored in depth. In this study, our aim was to analyze individual differences in emotion regulation, coping strategies, and substance abuse in a clinical sample of adolescents and young adult patients with GD (n = 31) and in a community sample (n = 250). Furthermore, we aimed to examine the association between cyberbullying and GD. Participants were evaluated using the Cyberbullying Questionnaire-Victimization, the Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory, the Coping Strategies Inventory, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test. Structural Equation Modeling was used to explore associations between these factors in a community sample and in a clinical group. In both groups, exposure to cyberbullying behaviors was positively associated with higher emotion dysregulation and the use of maladaptative coping styles. Our findings uphold that adolescents and young adults who were victims of cyberbullying show difficulties in emotion regulation and maladaptive coping strategies when trying to solve problems. The specific contribution of sex, age, gambling severity, emotion regulation, and coping strategies on cyberbullying severity is also discussed. Populations at vulnerable ages could potentially benefit from public prevention policies that target these risk factors.

Eating Disorders and Intimate Partner Violence: The Influence of Fear of Loneliness and Social Withdrawal.

Eating disorders are vulnerability factors that increase the likelihood of intimate partner violence. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. Although eating disorders have been associated with increased perception and fear of loneliness, they have also been associated with increased social withdrawal resulting from decreased enjoyment of social situations and poorer social functioning. The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating role of fear of loneliness in the relationship between the behavioural characteristics of eating disorders and intimate partner violence, as well as to explore the moderating role of social withdrawal in the relationship between fear of loneliness and intimate partner violence. The sample comprised 683 participants (78% female and 22% male) with a mean age of 21.14 years (SD = 2.72). The psychometric scales used were Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI 2), Emotional Dependency Questionnaire (EDQ), Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) and the Violence Received, Exercised and Perceived in Youth and Adolescent Dating Relationships Scale (VREPS). The hypothesised model was tested by path analysis using maximum likelihood. The path analysis of the hypothesised model showed that inefficacy, fear of maturity, and impulsivity were the behavioural characteristics of eating disorders predominantly related to fear of loneliness. Fear of loneliness had no direct significant effect on any of the received violence variables. However, interaction effects indicated that there was a moderately significant effect of fear of loneliness on physical, psychological, and social violence received as a function of levels of social withdrawal. These findings show the need to take into account and work on fear of loneliness and social withdrawal among individuals with an eating disorder to decrease the likelihood of establishing violent intimate partner relationships. Improving interpersonal functioning and social support is key to recovery from eating disorders.

Mediating Role of Intimate Partner Violence Between Emotional Dependence and Addictive Behaviours in Adolescents.

Objective: Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been related to emotional dependence and addictive disorders. This study aims to provide a global approach to analyse the relationship between these variables and to determine the factors underlying permanence in violent relationships. Methods: It is a non-experimental, cross-sectional correlational design study. Participants had to have at least one dating relationship for at least 1 month to complete the questionnaire, which included the following instruments: emotional dependence scale (DEN), scale of violence in dating relationships (VREP) and impulse control disorders scale (MULTICAGE CAD 4). Results: The sample consisted of 1.533 adolescents, 53.9% were male (n = 826) and 46.1% female (n = 707), between 14 and 18 years. Emotional dependence correlated significantly with received violence (r = 0.37, p < 0.001). Compulsive spending is strongly associated with emotional dependence (r = 0.21, p < 0.001), whereas sex addiction is associated with received violence to a greater extent (r = 0.18, p < 0.001). Received violence mediates on emotional dependence and addictions. Conclusion: IPV is a risk factor for the perpetuation of addictive behaviours. It is advisable to promote affective education for developing resilience and adequate coping.

Desesperanza en el trastorno del juego: relación con el apego y las dificultades en la regulación emocional en adultos jóvenes / Hopelessness in gambling disorder: relationship to attachment and emotional regulation difficulties in young adults

Se ha producido un importante aumento de la prevalencia del trastorno de juego entre losjóvenes en los últimos años. Intervienen diversos factores determinantes como es el caso de ladesesperanza, la cual podría estar relacionada con el apego y la regulación emocional. Por consiguiente, los objetivos del estudio fueron analizar la relación entre la desesperanza, el apegoy la regulación emocional, así como analizar la asociación del apego y la regulación emocionalcon la desesperanza. La muestra estaba constituida por 83 participantes provenientes de la población clínica, esto es, con un trastorno del juego, de los cuales 77 eran hombres y 6 mujerescon edades que oscilaron entre los 18 y los 30 años (M = 24.83; DT = 3.80). Los resultadosobtenidos sugieren que la desesperanza disminuiría a medida que aumentaría el apego materno. Igualmente, la desesperanza aumentaría de manera paralela a las dificultades en la regulación emocional basadas en la catastrofización y la tendencia a culpar a otros. Por su parte, elapego materno negativo y la regulación emocional basada en culpar a los otros se asociarona la desesperanza. Estos resultados revelan la importancia de abordar el uso de estrategias deregulación emocional basadas en la catastrofización y en la tendencia a culpar al otro en losjóvenes adultos con un trastorno del juego, así como a considerar el apego materno como unfactor protector de esta problemática. Estos hallazgos favorecen las intervenciones dirigidas ala prevención e intervención de la problemática del juego en adultos jóvenes (AU)

There has been a significant increase in the prevalence of gambling disorder among young adults inrecent years. Several determinants are involved, such as hopelessness, which could be related toattachment and emotional regulation. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to analyze therelationship between hopelessness, attachment and positive and negative emotional regulation, aswell as to analyze the association of attachment and emotional regulation with hopelessness. Thesample consisted of 83 participants from the clinical population, i.e., with a gambling disorder, ofwhom 77 were male and 6 females with ages ranging from 18 to 30 years (M = 24.83; SD = 3.80).The results obtained suggest that hopelessness would decrease as maternal attachment wouldincrease. Likewise, hopelessness would increase in parallel with difficulties in emotional regulationbased on catastrophizing and the tendency to blame others. In turn, negative maternal attachmentand emotional regulation based on blaming others were associated with hopelessness. Theseresults reveal the importance of addressing the use of emotional regulation strategies based oncatastrophizing and the tendency to blame others in young adults with a gambling disorder, as wellas considering maternal attachment as a protective factor for this problem. These findings favorinterventions aimed at the prevention and intervention of problem gambling in young adults (AU)

La dependencia emocional hacia la pareja agresora y su relación con la ansiedad social, el miedo a la evaluación negativa y el perfeccionismo disfuncional / [Emotional dependence on the aggressor partner and its relationship with social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and dysfunctional perfectionism]

Los objetivos del estudio fueron evaluar la relación entre la dependencia emocional y la ansiedad social, el miedo a la evaluación negativa y el perfeccionismo disfuncional, así como su papel mediador en la relación entre las influencias paternas perfeccionistas y la violencia física recibida por parte de la pareja. Participaron 258 personas (77,1% mujeres) de entre 18 y 67 años (M= 32,63; DT= 11,66). Los hallazgos sugirieron que la dependencia emocional estaba positivamente asociada a la violencia de pareja recibida, ansiedad social, miedo a la evaluación negativa y perfeccionismo disfuncional. A su vez, la violencia de pareja recibida estaba positivamente asociada al perfeccionismo disfuncional. La dependencia emocional explicó el 16,55% de la relación entre las influencias paternas perfeccionistas, referidas a la percepción de las figuras parentales abiertamente críticas y con expectativas elevadas y la permanencia en relaciones de pareja violentas físicamente. En conclusión, se menciona la necesidad de investigar e incluir estos factores en las intervenciones psicológicas dirigidas a tratar ambas problemáticas como son la dependencia emocional y la permanencia en relaciones violentas.

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the relationship between emotional dependence and social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and dysfunctional perfectionism, as well as its mediating role in the relationship between perfectionistic parental influences and physical violence received from the partner. A total of 258 people (77.1% female) aged 18-67 years (M= 32.63, SD= 11.66) participated. The findings suggested that emotional dependence was positively associated with intimate partner violence received, social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, and dysfunctional perfectionism. In turn, intimate partner violence received was positively associated with dysfunctional perfectionism. Emotional dependence explained 16.55% of the relationship between perfectionist parental influences, referring to the perception of openly critical parental figures with high expectations, and the permanence in physically violent intimate partner relationships. In conclusion, the need to investigate and include these factors in psychological interventions aimed at treating both problems such as emotional dependence and permanence in violent relationships is mentioned.

Role of attachment and early maladaptive schemas in the impulsive behaviour of adolescents / El papel del apego y de los esquemas inadaptados tempranos en la conducta impulsiva de los adolescentes

Abstract Introduction/objective: Few studies address the relationship between attachment and impulsiveness in adolescence. Therefore, the objectives of this study have been to study the relationship between attachment, early maladaptive schemas, and impulsiveness, as well as to verify the predictive role of the first two on impulsiveness. Lastly, the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment and impulsiveness is studied. Method: The sample is 1533 adolescents from Ecuador (826 men and 707 women), between 14 and 18 years of age (M = 15.76, SD = 1.25). The following questionnaires were used to measure the study variables: CaMir-R, YSQ-S3, BIS 11. Results: The results reflect how safety, the value of parental authority, parental permissiveness, self-sufficiency and resentment against parents, childhood trauma and the negative/pessimistic schema predict impulsive behaviour. The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas is also confirmed. Conclusions: Knowledge of the role of early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles as risk or vulnerability factors involved in the establishment of impulsive behaviour is very useful in order to implement preventive strategies and an appropriate therapeutic approach.

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: Son escasos los estudios que abordan la relación entre el apego y la impulsividad en la adolescencia. Por ello, los objetivos del estudio han sido estudiar la relación entre el apego, las estructuras inadaptadas tempranas y la impulsividad, así como comprobar el papel predictivo de los dos primeros sobre la impulsividad. Por último, se estudia el papel mediador de los esquemas inadaptados tempranos en la relación entre el apego y la impulsividad. Método: La muestra es de 1533 adolescentes de Ecuador (826 hombres y 707 mujeres), con edades entre los 14 y 18 años (M = 15.76, DT = 1.25). Se emplearon los siguientes cuestionarios para medir las variables de estudio: CaMir-R, YSQ-S3, BIS 11. Resultados: Los resultados reflejan como la seguridad, el valor a la autoridad parental, la permisividad parental, la autosuficiencia y rencor contra los padres, el traumatismo infantil y el esquema negatividad/pesimismo predicen la conducta impulsiva. Asimismo, se confirma el papel mediador de los esquemas inadaptados tempranos. Conclusiones: El conocimiento del papel que cumplen los esquemas inadaptados tempranos y los estilos de apego como factores de riesgo o vulnerabilidad implicados en el establecimiento de la conducta impulsiva resulta de gran utilidad de cara a implementar estrategias preventivas y un enfoque terapéutico adecuado.

Exercise Addiction and Muscle Dysmorphia: The Role of Emotional Dependence and Attachment.

Background: Both exercise addiction (EA) and muscle dysmorphia (MD) primarily involve the compulsive practice of physical exercise and are classified as behavioral addictions in different lines of research. These types of addictions are frequently comorbid with other addictive pathologies, such as emotional dependence (ED), which is closely related to childhood attachment. This study is presented to address the scarcity of research relating EA and MD with other behavioral addictions. The aims are to analyze the sex differences found in emotional dependence, attachment dimensions, EA and MD; to analyze the association between EA and MD and other behavioral addictions, such as emotional dependence and attachment dimensions; and to analyze the possible role that childhood attachment plays in mediating the interaction between emotional dependence and EA and MD. Method: The sample comprised 366 participants (54.6% women) aged 17-31 (M = 23.53; SD = 6.48). Results: There are sex differences, with men scoring higher in EA, MD, and ED. The positive relationship between EA and ED (values between 0.16 and 0.28), MD (presenting values between 0.42 and 0.70), and attachment styles based on preoccupation, interference, permissiveness, and value of parental authority (values between 0.11 and 0.14) is highlighted. On the other hand, MD was positively related to ED (values ranging from 0.24 to 0.36) and attachment styles based on the value of parental authority, self-sufficiency, and resentment toward parents (between 0.17 and 0.18), and negatively related to secure attachment (values between -0.13 and -0.18). Likewise, the predictive role of ED and attachment styles in EA and MD was tested. And it was observed how attachment styles mediated the relationship between EA and ED, as well as the relationship between MD and ED. Thus, it has been shown that people with EA and MD present attachment styles that may influence negatively the decision-making process when choosing inappropriate strategies to achieve adequate emotional regulation, even selecting inappropriate goals for physical exercise with negative consequences. Conclusions: The dissemination of the findings among mental health and sports science professionals is necessary to develop prevention and intervention strategies for people affected by EA and MD.

Longitudinal Changes in Gambling, Buying and Materialism in Adolescents: A Population-Based Study.

Gambling disorder, gambling-related cognitive biases, compulsive buying, and materialistic values lead to impaired functioning in important areas of life. The aims of the present longitudinal study are (1) to evaluate the change produced after one year in those mentioned variables and (2) to examine the gender role in these changes and to analyze the mediational mechanisms among the variables of the study. The sample was composed of 182 adolescents (103 females and 79 males) from secondary education Spanish institutions who completed self-administered questionnaires. Structural equation modeling has been used to explore associations between the different variables. Our results show significant decreases in compulsive buying, materialism, and cognitive biases related to gambling after one year. Gambling disorder severity was directly related to cognitive distortions of gambling and being a man. Compulsive buying was associated with older age and the female gender. Materialism was associated with compulsive buying and the male gender. In conclusion, gambling disorder, gambling-related cognitive biases, compulsive buying, and materialistic values change over time in different ways, according to gender. The understanding of gambling disorder and compulsive buying in adolescents could potentially lead to early prevention and treatment programs for the specific needs of gender and age.

El consumo de sustancias y su relación con la dependencia emocional, el apego y la regulación emocional en adolescentes / Substance abuse and its relationship to emotional dependence, attachment and emotional regulation in adolescents

El consumo de sustancias entre los adolescentes supone un grave problema social que podría relacionarse con la dependencia emocional, estilos de apego y dificultades en la regulación emocional. De esta forma, los objetivos del presente estudio fueron analizar la relación y el papel predictivo de la dependencia emocional, apego y regulación emocional sobre el consumo de sustancias el último mes. Además, se analizaron las diferencias en función del género y edad en todas las variables del estudio. Igualmente, se comprobó el papel mediador de la regulación emocional y los estilos de apego en la relación entre la dependencia emocional y el consumo de sustancias. La muestra empleada estaba compuesta por 1.533 adolescentes escolarizados, 826 hombres y 707 mujeres con edades entre los 13 y los 22 años (M = 15.76, DT = 1.25). Los resultados mostraron una relación positiva entre el consumo de sustancias y la dependencia emocional. Del mismo modo, las personas consumidoras de sustancias manifestaron relaciones positivas con las dificultades de regulación emocional, así como, con los estilos de apego de permisividad parental, autosuficiencia y rencor contra los padres y traumatismo infantil y relaciones negativas con la seguridad, preocupación familiar, interferencia parental y valor a la autoridad parental

Substance use among adolescents is a serious social problem that may be related to emotional dependence, attachment styles and diffi-culties in emotional regulation. Thus, the objectives of this study were to analyse the relationship and predictive role of emotional dependence, at-tachment and emotional regulation on substance use in the last month. In addition, gender and age differences were analysed in all variables of the study. The mediating role of emotional regulation and attachment styles in the relationship between emotional dependence and substance use was al-so verified. The sample used was made up of 1.533 schooled adolescents, 826 men and 707 women with ages ranging from 13 to 22 years (M = 15.76, SD = 1.25). The results showed a positive relationship between sub-stance use and emotional dependence. Similarly, substance users showed positive relationships with the difficulties of emotional regulation, as well as, with the attachment styles of parental permissiveness, self-sufficiency and resentment against parents and child trauma, and negative relation-ships with secure attachment, family concern, parental interference and value to parental authority

Estilos de afrontamiento, esquemas disfuncionales y síntomas psicopatológicos relacionados con la dependencia emocional hacia la pareja agresora / Coping styles, dysfunctional schemes and psychopathological symptoms related to emotional dependence on the aggressor partner

Los estilos de afrontamiento, los esquemas disfuncionales y la sintomatología psicopatológica podrían resultar factores de vulnerabilidad que incrementan la probabilidad de que una persona desarrolle dependencia emocional hacia la pareja agresora. Delimitar los factores de riesgo es fundamental para su prevención y tratamiento. Consecuentemente, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivos principales analizar la relación entre los factores señalados, así como el papel mediador de los tres primeros en la relación entre la dependencia emocional y la violencia recibida. La muestra estuvo conformada por 657 mujeres procedentes de población clínica y general, con edades que oscilaron entre los 18 y 66 años (M= 23,38; DT= 8,24). Los resultados reflejaron la predominancia del empleo de estilos de afrontamiento inadecuados, tales como pensamiento desiderativo, aislamiento social y autocrítica, síntomas psicopatológicos de depresión, ansiedad, sensibilidad interpersonal, obsesión compulsión e ideación paranoide, así como esquemas de abandono y subyugación. Asimismo, estos factores explicaron una parte de la relación entre la dependencia emocional y la permanencia en relaciones violentas

Coping styles, dysfunctional schemes and psychopathological symptoms could be factors of vulnerability that increase the probability that a person develops emotional dependence on an aggressive partner. Delimiting the risk factors is fundamental for its prevention and treatment. Consequently, the main objectives of the present study were to analyze the relationship between the above-mentioned factors, as well as the mediating role of the first three in the relationship between emotional dependence and received violence. The sample was made up of 657 women from the clinical and general population, with ages ranging from 18 to 66 years of age (M= 23.38, SD= 8.24). The results reflected the predominance of inadequate coping styles, such as desiderative thinking, Estudio financiado anxiety, interpersonal sensibility, obsession-compulsion and paranoid ideation, as well as abandonment and subjugation schemes. These factors also explained part of the relationship between emotional dependence and staying in violent relationships

Buying-shopping disorder, emotion dysregulation, coping and materialism: a comparative approach with gambling patients and young people and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The comorbidity between gambling disorder (GD) and buying-shopping disorder (BSD) has led to explore the core features that could be interacting between them. The main aim of this study was to examine the differences in both conditions considering emotion dysregulation, coping and materialism, as well as the relationship between these variables and their interaction with age and sex. METHODS: A community sample (n = 281 adolescents) and a sample of individuals with GD (n = 31) was compared. Both samples were split into a group with BSD and a group without it. RESULTS: The prevalence of participants who met the criteria for BSD was higher in the GD sample than in the community sample; the GD sample also presented higher values in the psychological variables studied. In the community sample group, positive associations were found between BSD severity and materialism and emotion dysregulation levels. In the GD sample, BSD severity was higher for participants who reported higher levels in materialism and lower scores in coping strategies. Variables impacted BSD severity differently according to sex and age covariates. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the interaction of the variables could be useful to design prevention and treatment approaches addressed to specific groups of age and sex. KEY POINTS Buying-shopping disorder (BSD) has been compared in clinical and community samples. The clinical sample was constituted by Gambling disorder (GD) patients. The variables emotion dysregulation, coping and materialism have been considered. Variables impacted BSD severity differently according to sex and age covariates.

La dependencia emocional hacia la pareja agresora y su relación con los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria / Emotional dependence on the aggressive partner and its relationship to eating Disorders

Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) son frecuentes en las familias con dificultades para fomentar la autonomía de sus miembros, pudiendo resultar un factor de riesgo a la hora de establecer relaciones de pareja dependientes. La dependencia emocional y la violencia de pareja se dan conjuntamente con elevada frecuencia. El objetivo del estudio fue examinar la relación y el papel predictivo de los TCA en la dependencia emocional, violencia recibida y dependencia emocional hacia la pareja agresora. Participaron 712 personas, 545 mujeres y 167 hombres, de entre 18 y 30 años (M= 21,32; DT= 2,94). Se encontró que las personas que puntuaban alto en TCA eran un grupo de riesgo en el desarrollo de la dependencia emocional, permanencia en relaciones violentas y desarrollo de ambas conjuntamente en una misma relación de pareja. En cuanto a las características asociadas con los TCA, la impulsividad se asoció con la violencia recibida y el miedo a la madurez, ineficacia, perfeccionismo, ascetismo e impulsividad se asociaron con la dependencia emocional en general y hacia la pareja agresora

Eating disorders are common in families with difficulties in promoting the autonomy of their members and may be a risk factor when establishing dependent relationships. Emotional dependence and partner violence occur together with a high frequency. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship and predictive role of eating disorders in emotional dependence, violence received and emotional dependence on the aggressor partner. The participants were 712 subjects, 545 women and 167 men, between 18 and 30 years of age (M= 21.32, SD= 2.94). It was found that individuals who scored high on eating disorders were a risk group in the development of emotional dependence, permanence in violent relationships, and the development of both together in the same relationship. As for the characteristics associated with eating disorders, impulsivity was associated with the violence received and fear of maturity, ineffectiveness, perfectionism, asceticism and impulsivity were associated with emotional dependence in general and owards the aggressor partner

Dependencia emocional y esquemas desadaptativos tempranos: estudio comparativo entre España y Colombia en relaciones de noviazgo / Emotional dependency and early maladaptive schemas: Comparative study between Spain and Colombia in couple relationships

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las diferencias en dependencia emocional, esquemas cognitivos y características de una pareja ideal entre una muestra española y una muestra colombiana, así como la relación entre la dependencia emocional y los esquemas cognitivos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La muestra se compuso de 1975 estudiantes escolares y universitarios de los cuales el 55.34% procedía de España y el 44.66% de Colombia. Se utilizaron cuestionarios de autoinforme para medir dependencia emocional, esquemas cognitivos y características de la pareja ideal. RESULTADOS: Se halló que los estudiantes españoles puntuaron más alto en necesidad de exclusividad, mientras que los colombianos lo hicieron en necesidad de agradar. No se hallaron diferencias en dependencia total entre ambas muestras. Asimismo, los esquemas cognitivos que más correlacionaron con la dependencia emocional fueron la subyugación, el apego y la grandiosidad. Finalmente, las características más valoradas en una pareja en ambas muestras fueron respeto, humor e inteligencia. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados muestran la relación entre la dependencia emocional y los esquemas cognitivos, así como las diferencias culturales respecto a las variables medidas. Estos resultados pueden resultar útiles para la intervención y prevención en población joven

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this research was to analyze the differences in emotional dependence, cognitive schemes and characteristics of an ideal couple between a Spanish sample and a Colombian sample, as well as the relationship between emotional dependence and cognitive schemes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 1975 school and university students of which 55.34% came from Spain and 44.66% from Colombia. Self-report questionnaires were used to measure emotional dependence, cognitive patterns and characteristics of the ideal couple. RESULTS: It was found that Spanish students scored higher in Need for Exclusivity, while Colombians scored higher in Need for Pleasantness. No differences were found in Total Dependence between both samples. Likewise, the cognitive schemes that most correlated with emotional dependence were Subjugation, Attachment and Grandiosity. Finally, the most valued characteristics of a couple in both samples were respect, humour and intelligence. CONCLUSIONS: These results show the relationship between emotional dependence and cognitive schemes, as well as the cultural differences with respect to the measured variables. These results may be useful for intervention and prevention in young people

Love Attitudes and Violence: Consequences of Burden of Care on Women / Las actitudes amorosas y la violencia: las consecuencias de la carga de cuidados en la mujer

Intimate partner violence against women is considered one of the most widespread forms of violence. Women staying in violent relationships is associated with feelings of love and caregiving. The objectives of this study were to investigate potential associations between violence (received and perpetrated), love styles, and perceived caregiver burden; to assess differences in the type of violence as a function of perceived caregiver burden; to analyse the predictive role of violence received and perpetrated and love styles in caregivers’ burden; and to determine whether love styles mediate in the relation between violence and perceived caregivers’ burden. Two hundred fifty women from the Basque Country(Spain), aged between 30 and 84 years (M = 58.66, SD = 10.46) participated in the study. It is a transversal study design. Results show a positive correlation between low burden and psychological aggression perpetrated. Further, the Agape love style and severe and minor psychological aggression perpetrated, and minor injury perpetrated were predictors of perceived caregiving burden. Finally, the findings indicate that love styles mediate the relationship between violence and care burden. The study concludes that love styles and perpetrated and received violence influence women's perceived caregiver burden. This should be taken into account when evaluating relationships

La violencia en pareja contra la mujer es la forma de violencia más extendida. Las mujeres que permanecen en relaciones violentas viven con sentimientos de amor y cuidado. Este estudio tiene como objetivos analizar la relación entre la violencia, las actitudes amorosas y la sobrecarga del cuidado, evaluar las diferencias de estas dos primeras en función del tipo de sobrecarga del cuidado, analizar el papel predictivo de las actitudes amorosas y la violencia sobre la carga del cuidado y estudiar el efecto mediador de las actitudes amorosas en la relación entre violencia y sobrecarga del cuidado. Doscientas cincuenta mujeres del País Vasco (España), con edades entre los 30 y los 84 años (M = 58.66, DT = 10.46) participaron en el estudio. Se ha utilizado un diseño de estudio transversal. Los resultados indican una relación positiva entre la sobrecarga leve y el abuso psicológico ejercido, observándose que un estilo de amor de tipo ágape y el abuso psicológico leve y severo ejercido predicen la carga percibida del cuidado. Asimismo, se aprecia que las actitudes amorosas median la relación entre la violencia y la carga del cuidado. Se concluye que las actitudes amorosas y la violencia ejercida y recibida influyen en la percepción de sobrecarga de la mujer cuidadora, lo que debe tenerse en cuenta al evaluar las relaciones de pareja

Social support in the relationship between perceived informal caregiver burden and general health of female caregivers / El apoyo social en la relación entre la sobrecarga percibida por los cuidados informales y la salud general de las cuidadoras

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Informal caregiving has a negative impact on the health of caregivers, a role that is mainly played by women. In this context, the objectives of this study were to: (1) assess the physical, mental and overall state of health of female caregivers; (2) study the relationship between their health and caregiving-related burden; and (3) investigate the mediating effect of social support in the relationship between perceived burden related to informal caregiving and the general health of caregivers. METHOD: The sample was composed of 250 women living in the Basque Country (Spain), aged between 30 and 84 years old (M = 58.66; SD = 10.46). Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics; the Zarit Burden Interview, SF-12 and Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey were used to measure caregiver burden; quality of life social support respectively. RESULTS: Overall, 27.2% of female caregivers reported chronic health problems. There was a link between higher perceived burden and poorer general health in women especially when less social support was available. Further, social support mediated the relationship between perceived burden and general health. CONCLUSIONS: Women's caregiver burden has a negative impact on their overall health and social support

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: El cuidado informal tiene un impacto negativo en la salud de los cuidadores, un papel que desempeñan principalmente las mujeres. En este contexto, los objetivos de este estudio fueron los siguientes: 1) evaluar el estado de salud físico, mental y general de las cuidadoras; 2) estudiar la relación entre su salud y la carga relacionada con el cuidado y 3) investigar el efecto mediador del apoyo social en la relación entre la carga percibida relacionada con el cuidado informal y la salud general de las cuidadoras. MÉTODO: La muestra estaba compuesta por 250 mujeres residentes en el País Vasco (España), con edades comprendidas entre los 30 y los 84 años (M = 58.66; DT = 10.46). Se recopilaron datos sobre las características sociodemográficas; para medir la carga del cuidador se utilizaron la entrevista de Zarit Burden, SF-12 y el cuestionario de apoyo social de Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey. RESULTADOS: En general, el 27.2% de las mujeres cuidadoras informaron de problemas de salud crónicos. Había una relación entre una mayor carga percibida y una salud general más deficiente en las mujeres, especialmente cuando se disponía de menos apoyo social. Además, el apoyo social mediaba la relación entre la carga percibida y la salud general. CONCLUSIONES: La carga de las mujeres cuidadoras tiene un impacto negativo en su salud general y en el apoyo social

¿Existen diferencias en los esquemas cognitivos y en la autoestima entre las personas con adicción al ejercicio físico o con dismorfia muscular? / Are there differences in cognitive patterns and self-esteem among people with exercise addiction or muscle dysmorphia?

Tanto la adicción al ejercicio físico, entendida como una adicción comportamental, como la dismorfia muscular, especificador del trastorno dismórfico corporal, tienen en común varios aspectos, como es la práctica intensiva de ejercicio físico y alteraciones en la autoestima. Además, algunas adicciones comportamentales se relacionan con determinados esquemas cognitivos tempranos desadaptados. Ante la escasez de estudios que relacionen los esquemas tempranos desadaptados con la adicción al ejercicio o la dismorfia muscular, y teniendo en cuenta la autoestima, se plantea la pregunta de si existen diferencias entre estas variables en personas con adicción al ejercicio o dismorfia muscular. Para ello se ha utilizado un grupo de 465 participantes (23.7% hombres, 75.7% mujeres y 0.6% transgénero), todos ellos practicaban deporte o en el gimnasio o fuera de él. Se han utilizado los siguientes instrumentos de evaluación: Cuestionario de Esquemas Cognitivos -Forma Abreviada -SQ-SF (Young y Brown., 1994), Drive for Muscularity Scale - DMS (McCreary, Sasse, Saucier y Dorsch, 2004), Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (Rosenberg, 1965), Escala de Satisfacción Muscular - ESM (The Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale -MASS; Mayville, Williamson, White, Netemeyer y Drab, 2002) e Inventario de Adicción al Ejercicio - EAI (Terry, Szabo y Griffiths, 2004). En cuanto a los resultados, parece que tanto la adicción al ejercicio físico como la dismorfia muscular se relacionan con determinados esquemas tempranos desadaptados. Por otro lado, la autoestima se relaciona tanto con la adicción al ejercicio físico como con dismorfia muscular de forma significa-tiva y negativa. Finalmente, los resultados muestran cómo a mayor dismorfia muscular también es mayor el riesgo de adicción al ejercicio físico, y a medida que mayor es el riesgo de adicción menor es la satisfacción muscular. Estos resultados se discuten y se presentan las limitaciones del estudio

Both the addiction to physical exercise, understood as a behavioral addiction, and muscular dysmorphia, which specifies the dysmorphic bodily disorder, have several aspects in common, such as the intensive practice of physical exercise and alterations in self-esteem. They also seem to involve certain behaviors that are related to early cognitive maladaptive patterns. Given the paucity of studies that relate early maladaptive patterns with addiction to muscle exercise and muscle dysmorphia, and taking into account self-esteem, the question arises of whether there are differences between these variables in people with exercise addiction or muscle distortion. For this purpose, a group of 465 participants (23.7% men, 75.7% women and 0.6% transgender) were used, all of them practicing sports in or outside the gymnasium. The following evaluation instruments were used: Cognitive Scheme Questionnaire-Short Form -SQ-SF (Young and Brown, 1994), Drive for Muscularity Scale - DMS (McCreary, Sasse, Saucier y Dorsch, 2004), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), Muscle Satisfaction Scale - ESM (Muscular Appearance Satisfaction Scale - MASA, Mayville, Williamson, White, Netemeyer and Drab, 2002) and Inventory of Exercise Addiction - EAI (Terry, Szabo and Griffiths, 2004). Regarding the results, it seems that both addiction to physical exercise and muscle breakdown are related to early maladaptive patterns. On the other hand, self-esteem is related to both the addiction to physical exercise and to muscular distension in a significant and negative way. It finally seems that the greater the muscle breakdown, the greater the risk of addiction to physical exercise, and the greater the risk of addiction, the less muscle satisfaction. These results are discussed and the limitations of the study are presented